House debate pits privacy advocates against gun‑violence prevention proponents over merchant category codes

H.R.1181, the Protecting Privacy in Purchases Act, drew a sustained, partisan back‑and‑forth during the Rules Committee hearing. Supporters said payment‑card merchant category codes (MCCs) that single out firearm retailers can be used — or pressured by regulators to be used — as a de‑facto surveillance mechanism that threatens the financial privacy of lawful gun purchasers.

Representative Riley Moore and witnesses argued MCC‑based identification has been abused in the past and would enable governments or private actors to profile individuals based on lawful purchases. "Law‑abiding citizens should not be monitored, tracked, or profiled by the government simply for exercising their constitutional rights," one witness testified.

Opponents, including Representative Jamaal Bowman and Representative Madeleine Scanlon (and other Democrats), countered with examples where credit‑card activity highlighted anomalous large purchases tied to mass shootings, including the Pulse shooter’s use of multiple cards and large purchases before the attack. They argued that MCCs are a narrow, legally available data point that can help banks and investigators detect suspicious patterns that might preempt violence.

The committee voted to report a rule for H.R.1181; the debate is likely to continue on the floor and with state‑level policy differences already in place (some states require or permit merchant reporting mechanisms).